Management
General
General Management
- Matin. Past, present and future perspectives of traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care. 2026;94:155525.
- Robba. Traumatic brain injury management in the intensive care unit: standard of care and knowledge gaps. Intensive Care Med. 2025;51(6):1112-1127.
- Taylor. Early management of adult severe traumatic brain injury: What researchers and clinicians must know. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2025;44(6):101604.
- Russo. Current Management and Future Challenges in the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Medicina 2025;61:738
- Slot. Update on traumatic brain injury in the ICU. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2025;38(2):93-99.
- Lu. Traumatic brain injury: bridging pathophysiological insights and precision treatment strategies. Neural Regen Res 2025;epublished March 25th
- Slot. Update on traumatic brain injury in the ICU. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2025;epublished February 12th
- Russo. Current Management and Future Challenges in the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Medicina 2025;61(4):738.
- Yan. Clinical Management in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines. 2024;12(4):781
- Syzdykbayev. A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Medicines 2024;11(5):10.
- Biffl. Diagnosis and management of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024;98(1):1-10
- Egodage. Updates in traumatic brain injury management: brain oxygenation, middle meningeal artery embolization and new protocols. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2024;9(Suppl 2):e001382.
- Hossain. The management of severe traumatic brain injury in the initial postinjury hours – current evidence and controversies. Curr Opin Crit Care 2023;29(6):650-658
Pathophysiology
- de Macedo Filho. Pathophysiology-Based Management of Secondary Injuries and Insults in TBI. Biomedicines. 2024;12(3):520.
- Armstrong. White matter damage and degeneration in traumatic brain injury. Trends in Neurosciences 2024;47(9):677-692
- Brain Multiphysics. Traumatic Brain Injury or Traumatic Brain Disease: A Scientific Commentary. Brain Multiphysics 2024;epublished March 18th
- Cash. Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(9):3344
- Sulhan. Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res 2020;98(1):19-28
- Demers-Marcil. Cerebral metabolic derangements following traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Anaesth 2022;35(5):562-569
Penetrating Brain Injury
Specific Populations
Perioperative Management
Deteriorating Patient
Elderly Patient
- Depreitere. Unique considerations in the assessment and management of traumatic brain injury in older adults. Lancet Neurol. 2025;24(2):152-165.
- Suehiro. Minimally Invasive and Proactive Approaches for Treatment of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Elderly Patients. J Clin Med 2025;14(14):5028
- Giner. Traumatic brain injury in the new millennium: new population and new management. Neurologia 2022;37(5):383-389
- Baggiani. Acute traumatic brain injury in frail patients: the next pandemic. Curr Opin Crit Care 2022;28(2):166-175
Children
- Agrawal. Paediatric traumatic brain injury: unique population and unique challenges. Brain. 2026;149(3):736-756.
- Alsuwais. An update on paediatric traumatic brain injury in the emergency department: a narrative review. Eur J Pediatr 2025;184(8):523
- Figaji. An update on pediatric traumatic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(11):3071-3081.
- Figaji. Anatomical and Physiological Differences between Children and Adults Relevant to Traumatic Brain Injury and the Implications for Clinical Assessment and Care. Front Neurol 2017;8:685
Anticoagulant Related
Complications
Brain
Intracranial Hypertension
Cerebral Oedema
- Cardona-Collazos. Cerebral Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2025;13:1728
- Jha. Pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2019;145(Pt B):230-246
- Jha. A Precision Medicine Approach to Cerebral Edema and Intracranial Hypertension after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Quo Vadis? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018;18(12):105
Hydrocephalus
- Splavski. Post-traumatic hydrocephalus in adults: the mechanisms of development, predictors of progression and management strategies. A narrative review and case series analysis. Front Neurol. 2026;17:1823124.
- Rufus. Post Traumatic Hydrocephalus: Incidence, Pathophysiology and Outcomes. Neurol India 2021;69(Supplement):S420-S428
Subdural Haematoma
Traumatic Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Endocrine Dysfunction
- Wexler. Neuroendocrine Disruptions Following Head Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023;epublished May 6th
- Tan. A neurosurgical approach to traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Pituitary 2019;22(3):332-337
- Capatina. Diabetes Insipidus after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med. 2015;4(7):1448-62
Chronic Complications
Cerebral Hypoxia
Vasospasm
Systemic
Multiorgan Dysfunction
ARDS
Coagulopathy
- Fletcher-Sandersjöö. Hemostatic disturbances in traumatic brain injury: from mechanism to management. Acta Neurochir 2025;167(1):146
- Hou. Traumatic brain injury: Advances in coagulopathy. Biomed Rep. 2024;21(5):156.
- Bradbury. Viscoelastic Testing and Coagulopathy of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2021;10(21):5039
Dysnatraemia
Sympathetic Hyperactivity
- Hranec. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (‘neurostorming’) following traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. J Neurointerv. 2026;2:13.
- Monten. Early Autonomic Dysfunction Following Severe TBI and Impact on Cerebral Hemodynamics: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2026;15(2):847.
- Yılmaz Selimoğlu. Unraveling paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome; what is behind the storm? Turk J Intensive Care. 2026;24(1):11-20.
- Yin. Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: a narrative review of recent literature. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30:349.
- Wongsripuemtet. Early Autonomic Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Article Review on the Impact on Multiple Organ Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2025;14:557
- Godbolt. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity during neurorehabilitation for severe acquired brain injury: current Scandinavian practice and Delphi consensus recommendations. BMJ Open 2024;14:e084778
- Nasa. Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity after Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Understanding and Therapeutic Options. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2024;28(2):97-99.
- Xu. Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Acquired Brain Injury: An Integrative Review of Diagnostic and Management Challenges. Neurol Ther. 2024;13:11-20.
Monitoring & Investigations
Imaging
General Imaging
- Alberts. Updates on Improving Imaging Modalities for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Integr Neurosci 2023;22(6):142
- Hu. Advanced Neuroimaging Role in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. Front Neurosci 2022;16:872609
- Mallon. Imaging of Neurotrauma in Acute and Chronic Settings. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021;19(8):1178-1190
- Lee. Advanced Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury. Korean J Neurotrauma 2020;16(1):3-17
- Bhattrai. Neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury in military personnel: An overview. J Clin Neurosci 2019;70:1-10
- Douglas. Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury. Med Sci 2018;7(1):2
- Mutch. Imaging Evaluation of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2016;27(4):409-39
- Lee. Neuroimaging in Traumatic Brain Imaging. NeuroRx 2005;2(2):372–383
MRI
Individual Monitors
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
- Bögli. Cerebral perfusion pressure targets after traumatic brain injury: a reappraisal. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):207.
- Bianchini. Management of intracranial hypertension with and without invasive intracranial pressure monitoring. World J Crit Care Med 2025;14(3):105645
- Anania. Escalation therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: how long is intracranial pressure monitoring necessary? Neurosurg Rev 2021;44(5):2415-2423
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Cerebral Microdialysis
- Zimphango. Monitoring Neurochemistry in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Using Microdialysis Integrated with Biosensors: A Review. Metabolites 2022;12(5):393
- Carteron. Cerebral Microdialysis Monitoring to Improve Individualized Neurointensive Care Therapy: An Update of Recent Clinical Data. Front Neurol 2017;8:601
- Posti. Metabolomics Profiling As a Diagnostic Tool in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017;8:398
- Ercole. Current and Emerging Technologies for Probing Molecular Signatures of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017;8:450
Brain Tissue Oxygenation
- Jeffcote. Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: Physiological determinants, clinical interventions and current randomised controlled trial evidence. Crit Care Resusc. 2024;26(3):204-209.
- Leach. How much oxygen for the injured brain - can invasive parenchymal catheters help? Curr Opin Crit Care 2021;27(2):95-102
Multimodal Monitoring
General
- Lindblad. Current state of high-fidelity multimodal monitoring in traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir 2022;164(12):3091-3100
- Forcione. Mismatch between Tissue Partial Oxygen Pressure and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Neuromonitoring of Tissue Respiration in Acute Brain Trauma: The Rationale for Implementing a Multimodal Monitoring Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(3):1122
- Kurtz. Nutrition Therapy, Glucose Control, and Brain Metabolism in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multimodal Monitoring Approach. Front Neurosci 2020;14:190
- Stocker. Intensive Care in Traumatic Brain Injury Including Multi-Modal Monitoring and Neuroprotection. Med Sci 2019;7(3):37
- Smith. Multimodality Neuromonitoring in Adult Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. Anesthesiology 2018;128(2):401-415
Haemorrhage Investigations
Viscoelastic Testing
Biomarkers
General
- Hossain. Blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: A narrative review of current evidence. Brain Spine 2023;4:102735
- Ghaith. A Literature Review of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers. Mol Neurobiol 2022;59(7):4141-4158
- Huibregtse. The biological significance and clinical utility of emerging blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021;130:433-447
Paediatric Biomarkers
Miscellaneous Monitoring
Neuro Inflammation
Therapy
General Therapy
Brain
General
Sedation
External Ventricular Drain
Temperature Management
- Kawakita. Review of Temperature Management in Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Clin Med. 2024;13(7):2144.
- Kobata. Clinical Insights and Future Directions in Hypothermia for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(14):4221.
- Ito. A review on targeted temperature management for cardiac arrest and traumatic brain injury. Front Neurosci 2024;18:1397300
- Kim. Current Prophylactic Hypothermia for Intracranial Hypertension after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurointensive Care 2020;3(2):29-32
Decompressive Craniectomy
- Raoufi. To Do or Not to Do: Decompressive Craniectomy for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Asian J Neurosurg. 2026;21(1):56-62.
- Domi. Evolution from Decompressive Craniectomy to Early Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for Refractory Increased Intracranial Pressure Treatment: Merit or Social Problems? Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2025;53(4):142-146
- Patel. Decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury: a review of recent landmark trials. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2025;10:e001784
- Solomou. Decompressive craniectomy in trauma: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024;97(4):490-496
Rehabilitation
- Andrei. Efficacy of Neurorehabilitation Approaches in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Comprehensive Review. Life 2025;15:503
- Nazwar. Mobilization phases in traumatic brain injury. Acute Crit Care 2023;38(3):261-270
- Akira. The Outcome of Neurorehabilitation Efficacy and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022;16:870190
- Oberholzer. Neurorehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Clinical Review. Med Sci 2019;7(3):47
Drugs
- Luzzi. Beyond nimodipine: advanced neuroprotection strategies for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurosurg Rev 2024;47:305
- Lerouet. Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021;35(3):524-538
- Ng. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019;13:528
- Anghinah. Traumatic brain injury pharmacological treatment: recommendations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2018;76(2):100-103
Endovascular Therapy
Systemic
Mechanical Ventilation
Hyperventilation
Fluids
- Ziaka. A Comprehensive Review of Fluid Resuscitation Strategies in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med. 2025;14(17):6289.
- Wiedermann. Albumin in Normovolemic Fluid Management for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Controversies and Research Gaps. J Clin Med 2024;13(18):5452
- Dąbrowski. The use of crystalloids in traumatic brain injury. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2018;50(2):150-159
Red Cell Transfusion
Nutrition
Renin-Angiotensin System
Venous Thromboembolism
Last updated August 3rd, 2026