General
General Management
- Shekhar. Cardiogenic Shock: Current Evidence, Guideline Perspectives, and Outcomes. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2026;8:2581-2598
- Aubdool. Cardiogenic Shock: Clinical Management, Outcomes and Future Directions. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2026;13(4):156.
- An. Cardiogenic Shock Revisited: From Hemodynamic-Centric to Multimodal Precision Care. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2026;epublished March 12th.
- Samuels. Cardiogenic Shock: A State-of-the-Art Review. Am J Cardiol. 2026;266:42-51.
- Rammos. A Proposed Algorithm for the Management of Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Based on Contemporary Knowledge and Gaps in Evidence. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(12):489.
- Brahmbhatt. From Escalate to Elevate: A New Paradigm for Comprehensive Cardiogenic Shock Management. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2025;epublished January 9th
- Mahajna. Managing the Acute Cardiac Functional Crisis: A Comprehensive Review of Cardiogenic Shock Management Strategies. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2025;27(Suppl 4):iv4-iv11.
- Lüsebrink. Cardiogenic shock. Lancet 2024;404(10466):2006-2020
- Alkhunaizi. The Management of Cardiogenic Shock From Diagnosis to Devices: A Narrative Review. CHEST Crit Care. 2024;2(2):100071.
- Jung. Management of cardiogenic shock: state-of-the-art. Intensive Care Med 2024;50:1814–1829
- Laghlam. Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Narrative Review. Ann Intensive Care. 2024;14(1):45.
Right Ventricular Failure
- Boulmpou. The Right Ventricle in Cardiac Critical Care: Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Management. Medicina 2026;62(6):1070.
- Manca. Gaps and Knowledge in the Contemporary Management of Acute Right Ventricular Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2025;epublished April 14th
- Kermanian. Pathophysiology and Management of Right Ventricular Failure in Critically Ill Patients: A Narrative Review. World J Crit Care Med. 2025;14(4):111434.
- Dodi. Acute Right Ventricular Failure in the Medical ICU. Lung. 2025;203(1):107.
- Torre. Right Heart Failure in Critical and Chronic Care: Current Concepts, Challenges and Mechanical Support Strategies. Med Sci 2025;13(4):210.
- Giannakoulas. Acute Right Ventricular Failure: Pathophysiology, Aetiology, Assessment, and Management. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(26):2520-2535.
- Das. Contemporary Treatment of Right Ventricular Failure. JHLT Open. 2025;7:100203.
- Luk. The Etiology and Management of Critical Acute Right Heart Failure. Can J Cardiol 2025;epublished February 10th
- Vaidy. Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure in the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Clin 2024;40(1):121-135
LV Failure
- Ganapathy. Advances in Congestion Assessment in Decompensated Heart Failure. Card Fail Rev. 2026;12:e02.
- Zonneveld. Current Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Decongestion Strategies in Acute Heart Failure: Evidence and Practical Guidance. J Card Fail. 2025;epublished December 10.
- George. Evolving Decongestion Strategies in the Management of Acute Heart Failure. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2025;27:71.
- Kapelios. Pharmacological Options to Relieve Congestion in Acute Heart Failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2025;30(6):1275-1290.
- Ye. A Spotlight on Congestion in Acute Heart Failure: A Joint Session with the Romanian Society of Cardiology (Part I). Heart Fail Rev. 2025;30(5):883-898.
- Gąsecka. Addressing ‘Residual Congestion’ to Improve Prognosis After Acute Heart Failure Decompensation. Card Fail Rev. 2025;11:e06.
- Buttar. Full Decongestion in Acute Heart Failure Therapy. Am J Med Sci. 2024;368(3):182-189.
- Cotter. Enhanced Decongestive Therapy in Patients With Acute Heart Failure: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(13):1243-1252.
- Bilgeri. Decongestion in Acute Heart Failure—Time to Rethink and Standardize Current Clinical Practice? J Clin Med. 2024;13(2):311.
- Sheehan. Acute Heart Failure: From the Emergency Department to the Intensive Care Unit. Cardiol Clin. 2024;42(2):165-186.
Background
Phenotypes
Pathophysiology
- Kosyakovsky. Macrovascular Hemodynamics and Peripheral Perfusion in Cardiogenic Shock: Exploring Current Targets and Future Directions. JACC Adv 2025;epublished July 23rd
- Karimi. Mechanisms of Congestion in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Med 2025;epublished June 28th
- Buckel. Extending the ‘host response’ paradigm from sepsis to cardiogenic shock: evidence, limitations and opportunities. Crit Care 2023;27:460
- Alvarado. Cardiopulmonary interactions in left heart failure. Front Physiol 2023;14:1237741
Guideline-Based Management
Cardio-Gut Interaction
Conditions
Post Myocardial Infarction
Mixed Cardiogenic - Vasodilatory
Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy
ARDS
Sepsis-Induced
Post Cardiomyotomy
- Mahajna. Current Insights on Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Adults with Post-Cardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2025;27(Suppl 4):iv12-iv22.
- Nersesian. Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock Patients After Cardiac Procedures: Selection Algorithm and Weaning Strategies. Life (Basel). 2023;13(10):2045.
Perioperative
- Hori. Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Cardiac Anesthesia: Perioperative Assessment and Underlying Mechanisms. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2025;26(2):26286.
- Shelley. Epidemiology of Perioperative Right Ventricular Dysfunction: Risk Factors, Incidence, and Clinical Implications. Perioper Med (Lond). 2024;13(1):31.
RV Failure post LVAD
- Loardi. Prediction of Right Heart Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device: Opening Pandora’s Box. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2025;26(12):40249.
- Vogel. Prediction of Right Heart Failure in LVAD Candidates: Current Approaches and Future Directions. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(7):240.
- Nonaka. Right Heart Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Latest Insights and Knowledge Gaps on Mechanism and Prediction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1586389.
- Balcioglu. The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Prediction of Right Heart Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics 2024;14(4):380.
Hypertensive LV Failure
Diastolic Dysfunction
Preserved Ejection Fraction
Complications
Microcirculatory Dysfunction
Organ Dysfunction
Liver Dysfunction
Monitoring & Investigations
Imaging
Ultrasound
- Lone. Beyond clinical congestion in acute heart failure: integrating lung ultrasound, venous Doppler, and echocardiographic hemodynamics for imaging-guided decongestion. Heart Fail Rev. 2026;31:84
- Gamarra. Ultrasound imaging of congestion in heart failure: a narrative review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2025;15(1):233-250
- Campora. The Role of Lung Ultrasound Scan in Different Heart Failure Scenarios: Current Applications and Lacks of Evidences. Diagnostics 2025;15:45
- Dini. Echocardiography in the assessment of heart failure patients. Diagnostics 2024;14:2730
Heart Catheterisation
Invasive Monitoring
Biomarkers
- Galusko. Current and Novel Biomarkers in Cardiogenic Shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2025;27(6):1106-1125.
- Gajewski. Lactate in Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2025;26(14):6810
- Parlati. Biomarkers for Congestion in Heart Failure: State-of-the-art and Future Directions. Card Fail Rev 2025;11:e01
- Jozwiak. Biomarkers in cardiogenic shock: old pals, new friends. Ann Intensive Care 2024;14:157
- Licordari. Beyond Natriuretic Peptides: Unveiling the Power of Emerging Biomarkers in Heart Failure. Biomolecules. 2024;14(3):309
Right Heart Evaluation
Machine Learning
- Vallabhajosyula. Cardiogenic Shock Detection Using Electronic Medical Records: A Review and Blueprint for Clinical Implementation and Future Research. J Am Heart Assoc. 2026;15(4):e047049.
- Zweck. Profiling of Cardiogenic Shock: Incorporating Machine Learning Into Bedside Management. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv. 2025;4(3 Pt B):102047.
Therapies
General
- Deniau. Therapeutic Novelties in Acute Heart Failure and Practical Perspectives. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2025;44(2):101481.
- Saito. Clinical Review of Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction ― Revascularization, Mechanical Circulatory Support, and Beyond. Circ Rep 2025;7:6–14
- Choi. Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock: Inotropes, Vasopressors and Machines. Br J Hosp Med 2024;epublished December 27th
- Lim. Hemodynamic Management of Cardiogenic Shock in the Intensive Care Unit. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024;epublished March 20th
Medical
- Crispino. Tailoring Pharmacological Treatment in Cardiogenic Shock: A Narrative Review. Discov Med. 2025;37(193):222-243.
- Bae. Optimal Inotrope and Vasopressor Therapy in Cardiogenic Shock. J Cardiovasc Interv. 2025;4(2):120-129.
- Krasińska. Istaroxime in Acute Heart Failure and Early Cardiogenic Shock: A Calcium-Cycling Approach to Inotropic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(13):5779
- Riccardi. Medical therapy of cardiogenic shock: Contemporary use of inotropes and vasopressors. Eur J Heart Fail 2024;26(2):411-431
- Bloom. State of Shock: Contemporary Vasopressor and Inotrope Use in Cardiogenic Shock. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;epublished July 25th
- Lescroat. The medical treatment of cardiogenic shock. J Intensive Med 2023;3(2):114-123
- Deniau. Acute Heart Failure: Current Pharmacological Treatment and Perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(44):4634-4649.
Anti-Thrombotic Therapy
Mechanical Support
- Siopi. Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock: A Contemporary Head-to-Head Comparison. Heart Fail Rev. 2026;31:44.
- Tetaj. Short-Term Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support in Acute Coronary Syndrome with Cardiogenic Shock: Which Device to Choose? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2026;13(2):99.
- Jana. Cardiogenic Shock Management in the Modern Era: A Narrative Review of Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2026;13(1):9.
- Meuwese. The Hemodynamic Envelope in Cardiogenic Shock: A Novel Paradigm on the Safe Use of Heart Failure Therapies During Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2026;36(5):296-304.
- Paragliola. Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Cardiogenic Shock: A Narrative Review in Light of Recent Evidence. J Clin Med. 2025;14(21):7731.
- Crimi. Cardiovascular Physiology During Mechanical Circulatory Support: Implications for Management and Monitoring. J Clin Med. 2025;14(19):6935.
- Farhat. The Role of Impella in Cardiogenic Shock in the Post-DanGer Shock Era. Biomedicines. 2025;13(9):2198.
- Giao. Left Ventricular Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices for Cardiogenic Shock After Myocardial Infarction. Cardiol Ther. 2025;14:123-139.
- Nair. Temporary Mechanical Support in Cardiogenic Shock Secondary to Heart Failure: An Evolving Paradigm. J Pers Med. 2025;15(5):184.
- Gramegna. Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support for acute right heart failure: A practical approach. ESC Heart Fail 2025;epublished April 20th
VA-ECMO
- Ko. Extracorporeal Blood Purification Supported by VA-ECMO in Cardiogenic Shock. J Cardiovasc Interv. 2026;5(3):e17.
- Chau. A Contemporary Guide of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Cardiogenic Shock. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(12):475.
- Jo. Left Heart Venting or Unloading Strategies for VA-ECMO Patients: Indications, Timing, and Techniques: A Narrative Review. J Cardiovasc Interv. 2025;4(3):184-200.
- Koziol. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in Management of Cardiogenic Shock. J Clin Med. 2023;12(17):5576.
Diuresis
Cardiogenic Shock Team
Resynchronisation
Respiratory Support
Shock Centres & Teams
- Mehta. Cardiogenic Shock Centers and Protocols for Acute Cardiovascular Care: Bridging the Gap Between Spoke and Hub Sites. Cardiol Ther. 2026;epublished May 13.
- Schwann. Cardiogenic Shock and the Role of Critical Care Cardiology: Evidence, Models of Care, and Future Directions. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv. 2026;5:104278.
- Blumer. Cardiogenic Shock Teams: Past, Present, and Future Directions. Circ Heart Fail. 2025;18(5):e011630.
- Senman. Need for a Cardiogenic Shock Team Collaborative—Promoting a Team-Based Model of Care to Improve Outcomes and Identify Best Practices. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13(6):e031979.
- Kruit. Protocolised Management of Cardiogenic Shock and Shock Teams: A Narrative Review. Heart Lung Circ. 2023;32(10):1148-1157.
Last updated August 6th, 2026